Understanding Right-wing Populism Resurgence in Europe

Analysis

By Alina Mir

In recent years, Europe has witnessed a significant political shift marked by the resurgence of populism. This phenomenon is characterized by a growing distrust of traditional elites, a focus on national identity, and a rejection of globalization, which has resulted in a reshaping of the political landscape across the continent. The influence of populist sentiments is undeniable, as evidenced by the rise of nationalist and populist regimes in countries such as Hungary, Italy, and Poland, as well as the ongoing Brexit Saga. This trend represents a significant challenge to the established political order in Europe and has far-reaching implications for the region's future.

The roots of populism in Europe can be traced back to a myriad of factors, including economic anxieties, cultural tensions, dissatisfaction with mainstream politics, and the imperialist policies of the EU. The global financial crisis of 2008 acted as a catalyst, amplifying the existing grievances and fostering a sense of disillusionment with established institutions. Issues of immigration, identity, and sovereignty have fueled populist narratives, tapping into fears of cultural dilution and loss of control.

Perhaps the most significant manifestation of populism in recent years has been the Brexit referendum. The decision by the United Kingdom to leave the European Union was driven by populist sentiments, including concerns over sovereignty, immigration, and economic independence. While Brexit has been celebrated by Eurosceptics as a victory for national sovereignty, it has also ushered in a period of uncertainty and division, both within and across Europe.

This tendency of rising populism can also be understood viz a viz the European Union and its criticism of the beliefs that it is extremely elite-driven, encourages a high level of migration, and is an imperialistic neo-liberal organization that benefits the elites at the cost of the working class. The Eurobarometer survey shows that the EU citizens' trust in the EU has remained under 50 percent since 2007 and was the lowest in Latvia, the United Kingdom, and Hungary in 2009. Central European countries like Hungary have been particularly wary of the EU migration laws, which in turn are utilized by the populist regimes to consolidate support by fueling feelings of dissatisfaction.

Hungary, under the rule of the Fidesz led by Viktor Orban, has had evident changes in foreign as well as domestic policies leaning towards extreme right-wing populism. One of the first constitutional amendments that Orban made was placing a retirement age for federal justices which automatically forced those appointed by the previous government to retire (even though after an appeal in the EU they were later retained in lower courts). This move effectively weakened the judiciary’s check on the government. The constitutional courts have also lost their right to strike out any laws in the Constitution. Many civil liberties have been curtailed, especially for the LGBTQ+ community. Transgender people are not recognized, same-sex couples do not have the right to adoption and traditional heterosexual family relationships are emphasized.

Many critics of the EU, especially Viktor Orban have charged it with moral imperialism in its commitment to refugees. Deciding not to give in to this insistent statute, many anti-immigration laws have been implemented in Hungary including a resolution that states Hungary should defend itself against “waves of illegal immigration” by “every means necessary”. The amendments to the Police Act have also increased the powers of the police in situations of “crisis caused by mass immigration” like bouldering roads, and closing public institutions, while the army is now authorized to help police to secure the border in such situations. Instead of bearing in mind the UNHRC’s prediction of the rise in asylum seekers, the Hungarian government decided to spend millions of euros on distributing questionnaires among the population asking if they should be entertaining the refugees for more than 24 hours.

In recent years many foreign investors have left Hungary and media outlets have been purchased by domestic oligarchs. The Act passed by Viktor Orban’s government without any consultation with the Opposition or any professional bodies in 2010, regulated all mass communication platforms like print press, radio, television, and internet. There are also restrictions on free speech retained by the Penal Code passed in 2012 that include inciting hatred, violence, or any feelings against the community and banning the swastika, red star, and sickle and hammer. One can also see the huge role of conservative beliefs in shaping policies under this government. This foreign policy emphasizes national sovereignty, leaning towards safeguarding Hungary’s independence and decision-making autonomy, often resisting what is perceived as external interference in domestic affairs. The conservative foreign policy places a significant emphasis on Christian values like supporting traditional family structures.

Without question, the most important topic in Hungarian politics from 2014 to 2018 has been migration. A whole new dynamic in Hungarian and international politics resulted from the migratory crisis that rocked the EU. This created a window of opportunity for Viktor Orbán, who has prioritized this subject since January 2015. He was able to put his party back on the rise in polls by completely rejecting all forms of immigration and by skilfully controlling the conversation inside the Hungarian domestic context as well as becoming one of the leading anti-immigration voices in European politics. Orban changed his image of an authoritarian leader responsible for weakening democratic institutions with the desire to build an illiberal state, by repositioning himself as the ‘Protector of Europe’, standing up for the ‘Christian Europe’ and rejecting the ‘Muslim Invasion.’

In recent years, Italy has also witnessed a significant surge in populist sentiments, reshaping its political landscape and societal dynamics. This phenomenon, marked by the rise of far-right movements and the resurgence of nationalist rhetoric, has sparked debate both domestically and internationally. Among the notable incidents that have underscored this trend was the controversial fascist salute at an extreme right-wing rally in Rome. Various socio-economic factors like economic stagnation, high unemployment rates, and migration problems have disillusioned the people and created resentment among certain segments of the population. This has proven to be a fertile ground for populist leaders and parties to exploit grievances and mobilize support.

One of the most prominent figures in Italy’s populist movement is Matteo Salvini, the leader of the far-right League Party. Salvini’s fiery rhetoric, particularly on issues such as immigration and national identity has resonated with many Italians. Under his leadership the League has capitalized on anti-immigration sentiments and Euroscepticism, garnering significant electoral successes and reshaping Italy’s political landscape. As the President of another right-wing party: Brothers of Italy, Georgia Meloni, the Prime Minister of Italy has also cultivated loyal followers among the disillusioned. Founded in 2012 as a splinter group of the post-Fascist National Alliance, Brothers of Italy has positioned itself as a bastion of conservative values and a defender of Italian traditions. At the heart of Georgia Meloni’s populist appeal is her fervent nationalism and uncompromising stance on immigration. She has consistently argued for stricter border controls, harsher penalties for undocumented migrants, and the preservation of Italy’s cultural heritage.

However, alongside populist movements, there has been a worrying resurgence of fascist ideologies and symbols in Italy. The fascist salute at an extreme-right-wing rally in Rome sets an example of a troubling trend, participants were seen making the Roman salute, a gesture associated with Italy’s fascist past under Benito Mussolini.

Current electoral polls also show that these two right-wing populist parties- the League and Brothers of Italy- are Italian voters’ most preferred. Electoral support for populist parties has been rising since the breakdown of the former party system in the early 1990s. The aggregate proportion of votes for populists increased from 30% in the general elections of 1994 to almost 70% in 2018. No other major Western European Democracy has witnessed such levels of support for populists. Demand for populism in Italy derives from the traditional mistrust of politics of the Italian society.

The establishment of the unitary state in 1861 is the source of this disillusioned legacy. Following this, the new polity and its elites were sharply criticised by the Catholic Church and a sizable portion of the Southern elite. The populace's first anti-institutional and anti-political feelings were fostered by the new state's lack of legitimacy and institutional weakness. All fascism did was stoke the flames. Deep political disenchantment, mistrust regarding party politics, and even discontent with democracy self-replicated over generations. Together, they produced a "culture medium" that aided in the rise of populism.

The resurgence of populism and the accompanying revival of fascist symbols in Italy pose significant challenges to the country’s democratic institutions and societal cohesion. As Italy grapples with these complex issues, it is crucial to foster open and constructive dialogue, promote inclusivity, and reaffirm commitment to democratic values and human rights.

This holds significant implications for the world order, particularly within the context of the EU and the global landscape of democracy. Hungary and Italy’s departure from liberal democratic values challenges the principles that have historically underpinned the European project. The erosion of democratic institutions, weakening of checks and balances, and concentration of power in the hands of the ruling party pose a threat to core values shared by EU member states. The trend towards illiberalism in Europe is part of a broader global pattern where populist leaders challenge democratic norms and institutions. This challenges the prevailing international order built on principles of liberal democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.

As Europe grapples with the rise of populism, the continent stands at a crossroads. The choices made in the coming years will shape the trajectory of European politics for generations to come. Whether populism will ultimately be a force for positive change or a harbinger of division and discord remains to be seen. One thing, however, is certain: the resurgence of populism has irrevocably altered the political landscape of Europe, ushering in a new era of uncertainty and upheaval.

Disclaimer: This paper is the author's individual scholastic contribution and does not necessarily reflect the organization's viewpoint.